Vol 2 Issue 3 July 2014-September 2014

Abstract: Methaemoglobinemia is a haematological disorder in which the iron within the haemoglobin molecule is oxidised from the ferrous to ferric state impairing the transport of oxygen causing cyanosis in children. The normal methhemoglobin level in blood is approximately 1%. ¹Methaemoglobinemiacan occur due to inherited problems ordue to acquired causes (ingestion of certain drugs and  chemicals, cow’s milk allergy).The inherited form is usually due to deficient activity of NADH cytochrome b5 reductase. ^2,3Neither of these causes occurs frequently but the treating physician must be aware of them. The nitrate induced Methaemoglobimemia is encountered frequently in infants less than 6months. Diagnosis is made by spectroscopic analysis of blood revealing characteristic absorption spectrum methemoglobin and electrophoresis can be used to confirm the presence of abnormal haemoglobin. Methylene blue is used in the treatment. We report a case in which one month old infant presented with Methaemoglobimemia following cow’s milk ingestion.

Keywords: Cyanosis, cow’s milk, diarrhoea, methemoglobinemia, methyleneblue.

Title: Cow’s milk -An unusual cause of Methemoglobinemiain an infant

Author: Dr. Venkatesh.H.A

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148(online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C.Ag. was observed throughout the year in the two areas studied i.e., Gangavaram and Pudimadaka of around Visakhapatnam coast. Oospore shedding from this brown alga was studied in respect of effect of environmental factors such as desiccation, salinity, Photon flux density, temperature, photoperiod and also on diurnal periodicity during December, 1995 to May, 1998. Maximum number of oospores were released when fronds were in submerged condition, exposed to dark condition and at 30 ‰ salinity, 9µEm-2s-1 Photon flux density,  25oc  temperature, Photoperiod 12:12 (L-D cycle). In the present study neither acceleration nor delay in the peak shedding of oospores in S.ilicifolium was found 2:00-6:00 hours.

Keywords: Sargassum ilicifolium, Oospores shedding, Environmental factors, Photoperiod, Diurnal periodicity, Gangavaram and Pudimadaka.

Title: Effect of environmental factors on oospores shedding and diurnal periodicity in Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C.Agardh. along the Visakhapatnam coastline, east coast of India

Author: Appa Rao D, Padal S. B, Subbarangaiah G

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: The synergy effect of stocking densities and long term zero culture water exchange on growth and Hemato- immunological parameters of genetically improved farm tilapia (GIFT) juvenile (initial size 18.02±0.02g) was assessed. Water quality parameters; pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature (T ^oC) and ammonia were recorded weekly. Results showed that weight gain, feed conversion rate (FCR), survival rate, final weight and SGR were negatively modulated (P<0.05). Hematological parameters including white blood cell (Wbc), red blood cell (Rbc), haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Ht); and non-specific immune parameters including Lysozyme activity (LYS), Immune globulin M (IgM) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly affected by the varied densities and long term zero culture water exchange rate (P<0.05). Serum biochemical parameters including total protein; TP, glucose (GUL), cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly affected by varied densities and long term zero culture water exchange rate (P<0.05). Meanwhile, while TP, GUL, CHO, and TG decreased significantly (P<0.05); AST and ALT increased significantly (P<0.05). High levels of TP, TG and CHO were observed in the lowest density group (TI). Ammonia level exceeded optimum range for tilapia weeks later.  Practically, water in tanks culture must be refreshed after a week.

Keywords: GIFT tilapia; stocking densities; zero culture water exchange; growth; Hemato- immunological functions

Title: Stocking Densities And Zero Culture-Water Exchange Can Modulate Growth And Hemato- Immunological Functions In Juvenile GIFT Strain Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus L

Author:  Mathew Didlyn Kpundeh, Jie He, Jun Qiang, Yang Hong, Pao Xu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: The study reports the effects of the legumes have been considered, form time immemorial, as an important source of protein, which is an indispensable protoplasmic constituent of all the bio system. Because of  their higher protein contains as compared to cereals , legumes attain the significance of a great food value for human diet particularly in the contry like india majority of the people are vegetarian in their food habits. Objective of the study : Taking the significance of problem  and the dearth of literature of the present research entitled studies on the interactive effects of different fungicides with rhizobia in lentil’’ was planed with the following objectives; to screen out rhizobial isolate for their interactivity and tolerance against selected fungicides. Research Methodology: the materials used and the methods adopted in the present investigation “studies on the interactive effects of different fungicides with rhizobia. In lentil’’ are given below: material experimental details: details of Treatments: Fungicides: Cultural Operations: Samples of grain and straw were over dried and ground in a “willey mill” in this way prepared sample were collected. Analysis and interpretation of Data is the two type of Soil Analysis and Plant Analysis. Need and Scope of the Study : It is evident form the results that seed inoculation with rhizobium strain and increased the yields of grains and straw significantly over corresponding uninoculated control. Expected Outcomes of the Study : The crops were harvested at maturity.the total yields of grins and straw were recorded separately. Scope and Significance of the Study: Prophylactic seed Treatment of lentil with some selected fungicides in order to project the plants form fungal disease and soil application of fungicides to project the crop form disease damage are in vogue in modern agriculture. 

Keywords:  Rhizobium-Lentil, Plantand Soil- Fungicides.

Title: A STUDY ON THE INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES WITH RHIZOBIUM IN LENTIL (LENUS CULINARIS)

Author: Babita Sharma, Dr.Ravindra Swaroop Singh

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: This study examined differences in professionals’ perceptions of the identification of child abuse according to Collectivist (Arabic and Indian) and Individualist (from several different Western countries) culture. A specially designed vignette concerning either a male or a female child that incorporated aspects from the current accepted definitions of abuse was follows by a specially designed 28 item questionnaire was completed by 201 participants (104 Arabic, 57 Indian and 40 Western). Supporting the hypothesis, abuse was rated higher across all groups when the child was female. Although there was no overall difference for culture in identifying the sexual abuse, partially supporting the hypothesis, there was a significant interaction between culture and the gender of the respondent, with females in the collectivist cultures identifying the abuse more than did the males. Also concerning the gender of the respondent, in the collectivist culture, females rated more highly than the males regarding the unacceptability of fondling behaviour by both the mother and the father. No similar differences were found in the Western culture, with respondents reporting the unacceptability of fondling behaviour. The results provide a better understanding of issues surrounding child sexual abuse among different cultures. This will guide future strategies aimed at increasing access and effective management to meet perceived needs.

Keywords:  Child Sexual Abuse, Professionals’ Perceptions, Collectivist Cultures, Western Cultures.

Title: PROFESSIONALS' PERCEPTIONS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE: COMPARISON OF ARABIC, INDIAN AND WESTERN CULTURES

Author: Samia Abul

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) plant is an important source of different beverages which are claimed to be the most widely consumed fluids after water. It is grown in many countries ranging from as far north as 49^° N, outer Carpathians to as far as 30^° S;- Natal, South Africa and from altitudes varying from sea level in Japan to 2700 m above mean sea level (amsl) in Olenguruone, Kenya and Gisovu, Rwanda. The plant is widely adaptable to geographical areas with large variations in climate and physical features which affect rates of growth, yields and quality. A survey was conducted to determine the fungivorous nematodes associated with tea in Ngere tea catchment area in Kenya. Soil samples were collected from six electoral zones of Ngere factory (Ndakaini, Kimandi, Gatura, Karangi, Kiarutara and Mbugiti) in Gatanga division Thika district, Murang’a County, Kenya. The objectives of this research were to isolate, characterize and identify fungivorous nematodes that are associated with soil in tea growing areas of Ngere. Nematodes were extracted and recovered from soil samples using a modified baermann funnel method and identified under a light microscope based on their morphological characters. They were also classified according to their feeding habits. DNA was extracted from the isolates and PCR was performed. The amplified DNA was sequenced and the sequences compared with the sequences at NCBI database. Fungivorous nematodes recovered included Tylenchus spp., Aphelenchus spp., and Ditylenchus spp. Tylenchus spp was the most frequently occurring species in the soil (60.47%) where the population was 429 and Aphelenchus spp had frequency rating of 48.84% and a population of 530. Ditylenchus had the lowest frequency rating of 6.98%. Two genera of fungivorous nematodes were also encountered in stressed tea bushes rhizosphere. In the stressed tea bushes rhizosphere, fungivorous nematodes identified were Aphelenchus spp., and Tylenchus spp. The study showed that there is fungivorous nematodes inhabiting tea soils in Ngere tea catchment area.

Keywords: Tea, Fungivorous, frequency, nematode population, carbon content, Aphelenchus spp., Tylenchus spp., and Ditylenchus spp.

Title: Occurrence of fungivorous nematodes in Ngere tea catchment area, Murang’a County, Kenya

Author: Tom Kosgei Kibet, Johnson Kinyua, Daniel Kariuki, Edward George Mamati, Justus Onguso, Eliud Wafula

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract:  Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) is an enzyme that deaminates the amino acid L- Tyrosine to p-coumaric acid. This enzyme was extracted from the plant Santalum album Linn. This study is aimed to determine the role of TAL enzyme for the treatment of hyperpigmentation in man by using Zebra fish embryo as test animal. Extraction of TAL was based on the principle of separation of proteins on treatment with an organic solvent acetone followed by the standardization of enzyme assay for the detection of the enzyme TAL. The presence of the enzyme was confirmed by the formation of p- coumaric acid which was detected using UV- Visible spectrophotometer at 333 nm. The crude extract was partially purified using ammonium sulphate. The activity of TAL was found to be hindered after partial purification. Hence zebra fish embryos were treated with crude enzyme extract of TAL.  There was considerable reduction in the pattern of pigment formation in Zebra fish embryos. Hence Santalum album was found to be a good source of TAL and thereby can be used to treat Hyperpigmentation in man as tyrosinase enzyme in man is responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to melanin pigment. The enzyme Tyrosine ammonia lyase converts tyrosine to p-coumaric acid and thereby reduces the formation of melanin pigment resulting in hypopigmentation. Recent report suggest that there is syntenic relationship between zebra fish and human genomes.

Keywords: Tyrosine ammonia lyase, Santalum album, Hyperpigmentation, Zebra fish, UV- Visible spectrophotometer.

Title: Extraction and partial purification of Tyrosine ammonia lyase from Santalum album Linn. A possible solution for Hyperpigmentation

Author: Sarina. P. Khabade, Radhakrishna. N, Triveni. B

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: Age determination of the skeleton, based upon the aspartic acid racemization technique and the radiocarbon dating technique were carried out. Previous areas of analysis were based upon the morphology of the skeleton but this proved to be imprecise at the best of times. The chemical analysis has shown more precise and reproducible results. In this study, I looked at two complementary techniques that could be used to estimate the date of birth, the date of death and the age of an individual, who has been found at the scene of a crime, etc. In a case study forty-four teeth from a group of participating individuals were analysed using the aspartic acid racemization technique, to analysis the tooth crown dentin and the radiocarbon analysis of the enamel. The radiocarbon analysis showed good precision and had an overall absolute error of 1.0 ± 0.6 years. The aspartic acid racemization technique also had good precision and showed an absolute error of 5.4 ± 4.2 years. The radiocarbon analysis gives the investigator estimation as to the year the individual was born and the aspartic acid racemization analysis gives the investigator a good estimation as to the age of the individual at the time of their death. With the help of these two techniques, it is possible to determine a date of death for the individual, especially if they are an unidentified individual. The conclusion of the work explains how these techniques are a great asset to the Forensic community and how they are now a crucial part to most of the investigations conducted on a daily basis, especially those of massive proportions.

Keywords: amino acid racemization, dipeptide synthesis and age determination.

Title: DIPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS AND THE AGE DETERMINATION OF BONES

Author: Enya Mc Grahan

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: The purpose of fasting is basically therapeutic, and in this sense it not only meets the requirements of most patients, but is perhaps the most effective measure ever to be employed.

Clearly the extraordinary value of fasting has not been recognized by the professions of healing as a whole.

Title: Medical Benefits of Fasting

Author: Mortagy Rashed

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: Fluoride is naturally occurring compound present in the earth’s crust which enters the ground water through natural and anthropogenic sources. A wide range of environmental and genetic factors cause aquatic organisms to respond differently to given level of fluoride, but they do display characteristic   fluoride intoxication signs. Fluoride tends to accumulate in the exoskeleton of invertebrates and in the bone tissues of fishes. The fluoride ions act as enzymatic poisons, inhibiting enzyme activity and ultimately interrupting metabolic processes such as glycolysis and synthesis of proteins. The present study consists of toxic effects of lethal concentration of sodium fluoride on the red blood cell count of the ornamental fish Carassius auratus (Gold fish) under laboratory conditions.  Results indicate  duration of exposure period and change in the Red blood cell count at regular period.

Keywords: Carassius auratus, sodium fluoride, RBC, RBC count, Chronic.

Title: SODIUM FLUORIDE TOXICITY IN FRESH WATER FISH CARASSIUS AURATUS (GOLD FISH): EFFECT ON RED BLOOD CELL COUNT

Author: O Usharani, Raja naik, Prof. P.Indira

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of mortality involving respiratory and cardiovascular illness in developing countries. Cigarette smoking is known to contain abundant of free radicals, which is able to cause tissue oxidative damage at various levels. The body has the ability to produce antioxidants. When there are excessive free radicals generated due to smoking, the available tissue antioxidants may become depleted, leading to oxidative stress. Male albino rats were induced with cigarette smoke for 70 days to assess the induced oxidative damage due to lung muscle atrophy. An enhanced lipid per-oxidation was recorded with elevated activity levels of conjucated diens, malondialdehyde and other thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TABARS) in denervated muscle. The activity levels of antioxidant defense enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathioneperoxidase (selenium, non-selenium) (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione- s transferase (GST) were depleted in the cigarette smoke induced lung muscle. Vitamin E is a major antioxidant. When the Experimental control animal (cigarette smoke induced muscle) was supplemented with vitamin E, revealed a depleted lipid peroxidation and increased activity levels of antioxidant defense enzymes. In this study we investigate the efficacy of antioxidant, the supplementation of vitamin E could prevent the oxidative damage in the lung muscle despite smoking.

Keywords: Oxidative stress, cigarette smoke, Vitamin E, antioxidants

Title: Vitamin E Modulates the Oxidant –Antioxidant Imbalance during Cigarette Smoke Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

Author: Dr. M. Sendhilvadivu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research, ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: Ability to change colour is used by fish for many kinds of signals in many different social and environmental settings. Change in colouration patterns themselves have been subject to both natural and sexual selection. Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) have been an important fish system for examining the anti-predatory behaviour. Guppies are popular ornamental fishes all over the world due to its bright colours and cheap maintenance cost in aquarium. Under predation effect colouration of guppies were affected. To study huddles coming due to predation effect for the development of colours and growth in guppies following experiment was carried out under which three sets of conditions were maintained. Absence of predation, mild predation and high predation effects were maintained during experiment to check the mating behaviour, growth and colour development in new born guppies. The results indicated that the predation was found to have a profound effect on mating behaviour, colour development and growth.

Keywords: Predation, Colour development, Growth rate, Brightness, Guppy.

Title: MATING BEHAVIOUR, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE VISUAL PIGMENTS UNDER DIFFERENT PREDATOR LEVELS IN GUPPIES (Poecilia reticulata)

Author: Samreena Baqal, Ujwala Jadhav

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: Bacteria are a very diverse group of organisms in soil, and major taxonomic groups are represented in most soils. The extent of the diversity of microorganisms in soil is seen to be critical to the maintenance of soil health and quality, since a wide range of bacteria are involved in the important soil functions. The objectives of this study were to isolate, characterise and identify groups of bacteria from Bacillus species that are associated with soil quality in tea growing areas of Ngere. 10 isolates were obtained using dilute nutrient broth agar and the bacterial morphology was identified as gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria, they grew well at pH ranging from 5 ­ 6.5 and temperature range of 25o C ­ 35o C. Based on different biochemical tests and sequence of 16S rDNA, the isolated bacteria were identified as belonging to genus Bacillus. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates D61, D19, and, D51, suggested that they were closely related to Bacillus cereus with 89-96% rDNA sequence analysis similarity while isolates D5, D16, S31, D70 and D2 were closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis with 83% - 96% rDNA sequence analysis similarity. Isolate S30 was closely related to Bacillus subtilis with 99% rDNA sequence analysis similarity and isolate D29 was closely related to Bacillus mycoides with 97% rDNA sequence analysis similarity. Given the low similarity values some isolates had to their closest relatives, chances are high that Ngere tea catchment area harbours a diverse population of as yet, uncultured and uncharacterized microbes.

Keywords:  Soil quality, Tea, Bacteria, Phylogenetic analysis and Bacillus species.

Title: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACILLUS SPECIES FROM SOIL IN NGERE TEA  CATCHMENT AREA OF MURANG’A COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Eliud Nalianya Wafula, Johnson Kinyua, Daniel Karuiki, Anne Muigai, Romano Mwirichia

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: The bacterial quality of Oreochromis mossambica in major fish markets of Bhopal were assessed and related to other retail outlets. Bacteriological load were determined using the methods of pour plate and identification by morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. Wide variations and significant differences were recorded in the counts of micro-organisms in Oreochromis mossambica within the markets. Oreochromis mossambica where compared to those of other markets. Total viable counts (TVC) ranged from 2.45 to 10.8 Cfu/g for Oreochromis mossambica. Based on microbiological counts and profile, Oreochromis mossambica collected from Bittan market were significantly higher compared to other fish markets. Pseudomonas fluorescence were the dominant micro-organism isolated from Oreochromis mossambica. In a comparative  analysis, market samples from Piplani and Govindpura have shown less microbial load. The market environment is more important than the processing technology in determining the quality of fish. The quality of fish in Bittan market is unsatisfactory, probably due to the mode of storage, handling, exposure, and poor environmental and sanitary conditions.

Keywords: Oreochromis mossambica, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bittan market, Handling and Processing.

Title: THE BACTERIAL QUALITY OF OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICA IN MAJOR FISH MARKETS OF BHOPAL

Author: Sumer Hassan ,T.A.Qureshi, Bilquees Jehaan

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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Abstract: Bacterial flora of freshwater fishes from four fish markets of Bhopal was accessed. The skin, gills, muscles and intestine of Channa punctatus, Channa striatus, Clarias batrachus, Xenentodon cancila, Mystus cavasius, Labeo rohita, Labeo gonius, Hilsa toli, Chanda nama and Puntius sarana were examined.  As a result of investigation five different species of bacteria namely Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Salmonella, Shigella, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus   were isolated and identified, the public health and economic significance were discussed.

Keywords:  Micro-organisms, freshwater fishes, public health, economic significance.

Title: THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF FRESHWATER FISHES FROM FOUR MARKETS OF BHOPAL

Author: Sumer Hassan, T.A.Qureshi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print)

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