Vol 13 Issue 2 April 2025-June 2025

Abstract: This paper critically examines the profound impact of historical events both tragic and triumphant on the evolution of English literature. It explores how wars, social and economic crises, and pandemics have shaped themes of disillusionment, resistance, and existential inquiry, leading to major shifts in literary styles such as realism, modernism, and post colonialism. In contrast, the study also highlights how positive events like liberations, national celebrations, and the establishment of literary awards have fostered literary expressions of hope, freedom, and innovation. Through the works of authors such as Wilfred Owen, Maya Angelou, John Steinbeck, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Hilary Mantel, this paper demonstrates that English literature continuously adapts to reflect society's darkest struggles and brightest achievements, making it an enduring and dynamic mirror of human experience.

Keywords: English literature, economic crises, pandemics, liberations, national celebrations, human experience.

Title: The Influence of Historical Events on English Literature: Shaping Themes and Styles through Conflict, Crisis, and Celebration

Author: Inst. Yahya Jubarah

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 195-200

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 02-May-2025

Abstract: The examination of project performance indicators has indicated that the project management team at KEMSA has faced significant challenges in achieving milestones, adhering to timelines, and effectively managing risks. A lack of expertise has led to a deterioration in KEMSA's reputation, financial health, and operational effectiveness. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effect of organizational structure on the implementation of Kenya medical supplies authority projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A descriptive research design was utilized. Data were collected from 86 participants in the study from 109 KEMSA employees, health officials and service providers in Nairobi County. The primary method of collecting data was questionnaires. The objective of this study was to determine how organizational structure impacts the effectiveness of the organization. As part of the research, four different projects involving 5-10 percent of the participant population were piloted to ensure the questionnaire items were valid. A variety of theoretical perspectives, including resource-based view theory, institutional theory, contingency theory, and structural empowerment theory, were considered in the analysis. This study utilized a descriptive research design, and the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, presented in tables, graphs, charts, and figures. Multiple regression analysis was used in this study to examine the relationship between the variables. According to the findings, KEMSA implemented projects more efficiently and effectively when it had a strong organizational structure that had positively and significantly influenced project implementation. According to the study, a well-defined structure facilitates clear communication channels, which ensures efficient information flow. It is recommended that roles and responsibilities be clearly defined within the organization in order to encourage accountability and effective decision-making.

Keywords: Organizational Structure, Project implementation.

Title: EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF KENYA MEDICAL SUPPLIES AUTHORITY PROJECTS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Peterson Mutegi, Dr. Morrisson Mutuku

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 188-194

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Published Date: 02-May-2025

Abstract: This article deals with Jewish-Muslim relationship under Islamic rule from the point of views and perspectives of Jewish studies and documents. There are clearly differences in viewpoints in these studies, with sometimes wide gaps between their positions. In his studies, David Wasserstein, for instance, describes that relation as good and "Golden Age" between Muslims and Jews. While others admit that the “Golden Age" of relations in Andalusia and other countries was just a myth. Some Jewish historians and scholars dealt in their studies relying on Jewish archival writings, compared with Arab and Islamic sources to get their conclusions of Muslim-Jewish relationship. While others are influenced by orientalist views of modern ideologies and opinions. Therefore, this study aims to examine the reasons for these contradictions in the positions of Jewish researchers regarding these relationships.

Keywords: Muslim-Jewish relations, Jews, Islamic Rule, Jewish Perspectives.

Title: Relations with Jews under Islamic Rule from Jewish Perspectives

Author: Hatim M. Mahamid

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 159-174

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 25-April-2025

Abstract: The movement of refugees and population displacement has been a crisis that has affected the Great Lake region of East Africa, including Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. The region has seen wars, starvation and violence resulting in a number of individuals moving away from their countries of origin. The case has led to the call for protection by both the domestic nation and the international body to make them live peacefully. This study, therefore, looks at legal causes of refugee migrations of Great Lakes Region countries and suggest measures on how to share the responsibilities amongst the regions. The study recommends need to review existing refugee protection policies. Refugee protection is a major problem in the Great Lakes Region. The protection of human rights is critical and there is need for the protection and respect for human rights in refugee camps in the Great Lakes Region. There is therefore, need to introduce new measures in order to curb the problems facing refugee protection. The new measures must also address the security situation in the host countries. All existing policies and legislation on the refugee protection in the Great Lakes Region must be reformed so as to establish an efficient refugee protection system in the region.

Keywords: Great Lakes region of East Africa, Refugee Migrations.

Title: THE LEGAL CAUSES OF REFUGEE MIGRATIONS

Author: Kombo Benard Simion, Wisdom Dube, Julius Kombo Ayusa

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 147-158

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-April-2025

Abstract: Office ethics and professionalism reflect honesty, fortitude, responsibility and moral conduct in a system or organization. It is the capacity to act independently and uphold productive work practices. Like other organizations, the polytechnic system in Nigeria has its own ethical norms to guide employees in their duties. Nigerian higher education institutions like the Polytechnics have their core values that guide the conduct of their staff and students. Ethics therefore refers to the principles that guide us to make a positive impact through our decisions and actions. While office ethics refer to a set of codes, values and rules that help to determine right choices and behaviours in the office setting, professionalism means conducting oneself with responsibility, integrity, accountability and excellence. It thus means that office ethics and professionalism help an organization to achieve a common goal which is the elevation of the organization’s image and reputation. The study, which is based on content analysis, is an attempt to establish a nexus between office ethics and professionalism in the polytechnic system and argues that if we are to guarantee good image and reputation for the Polytechnic system in Nigeria, there is the need for staff to be ethical and professional in the conduct of their day-to-day duties and shun unethical practices at all costs. The paper recommends among others the need for staff to strictly uphold ethical standards and professionalism in the discharge of their daily duties. This, however, can be achieved, if management is willing and ready to support the staff with the needed tools and resources to discharge their duties.

Keywords: Ethics, Behaviour, Office, Professionalism, Workplace.

Title: Office Ethics and Professionalism in the Nigerian Polytechnic System

Author: Augustine Eguavuon Ainabor

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 140-146

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 23-April-2025

Abstract: This paper explores the evolution of urban legends in English literature from the Victorian era to the modern digital age. It defines the concept of urban legends and traces their presence and transformation in literary works. From folklore-inspired Victorian ghost stories to contemporary internet-born myths, urban legends have continually mirrored society's fears, beliefs, and technological advancements. The analysis includes early instances in Shakespearean drama, the Gothic horror boom of the 19th century, and the viral legends of today. References to literary scholars and folklore experts are included to support the discussion.

Keywords: urban legends, English literature, Victorian era, literary works.

Title: Urban Legends in English Literature: The Development from the Victorian Era to Modern Times

Author: Inst. Yahya Jubarah

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 137-139

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 23-April-2025

Abstract: Social media has revolutionized informal English learning by providing a flexible and engaging space. Various social media platforms, including YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, and TikTok, contribute to closing the educational gaps with their authenticity and real-life applications. Learners can get access to multimedia resources, collaborate, and interact with native speakers from around the world. Social media integration enhances listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills, as well as increasing cultural awareness and motivation.

Social media appeals to different learning styles, making it accessible to all levels of proficiency. Its features, like videos and live streams, allow for real-time practice or self-paced learning, thus supporting independent language acquisition. Moreover, the informal setting reduces the pressure compared to a traditional classroom, which encourages experimentation and participation.

Social media in language learning presents challenges. Distractions, content quality, and safety concerns may slow progress. The lack of structure may lead to inconsistent results. Privacy issues and the digital divide further emphasize its limitations, especially in areas with under-resourced settings.

This paper will explore how social media impacts language acquisition through sociocultural and constructivist theories, noting first the opportunities and then the barriers. It also provides some insights for learners and educators on integrating social media into informal English learning. It finally highlights the need to harness technology while tackling its challenges for an equitable learning experience.

Keywords: Social media, informal English learning, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, writing skills.

Title: Social Media as a Tool for Informal English Language Learning: Opportunities and Challenges

Author: Ms. Manal Hassan Ibrahim, Ms. Badour Nasser Al-Muqaisib

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 127-136

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 17-April-2025

Abstract: The guitar industry is undergoing significant change due to the pervasive influence of digital transformation, affecting everything from product development and marketing to customer engagement and distribution. This paper evaluates how leading and emerging guitar brands are adapting their product positioning and differentiation strategies in this evolving landscape. The study focuses on the interplay between traditional craftsmanship and digital innovation, including the use of e-commerce, virtual tryouts, AI-driven personalization, and online community building. It examines how brands maintain authenticity while embracing digital tools, as well as how they differentiate themselves in a saturated market. Case studies of key players such as Fender, Gibson, and newer entrants like Lava Music highlight diverse strategic approaches. The research draws on both qualitative interviews and secondary data to analyze the effectiveness of these strategies in fostering customer loyalty, brand recognition, and competitive advantage. The paper concludes with insights into best practices and recommendations for guitar companies seeking to refine their positioning in a digitally driven market while remaining true to the cultural and emotional heritage of guitar playing.

Keywords: Product Positioning, Differentiation Strategy, Guitar Industry, Digital Transformation, Brand Strategy.

Title: Evaluating Product Positioning and Differentiation Strategies in the Guitar Industry amidst Digital Transformation

Author: Zhou Linlin, Nova C. Baldo

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 122-126

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 16-April-2025

Abstract: This research investigates the Performance Measurement System in the private sector of Kuwait, aiming to explore its current practices, effectiveness, and challenges. Given the growing importance of efficient performance measurement for organizational success, this study examines how Kuwaiti private organizations measure, evaluate, and manage their performance across different industries. This study used a systematic review method to synthesize quantitative and qualitative studies found in the Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases. The included studies covered topics related to performance measurement systems up to December 2024. The findings reveal that while many organizations have implemented PMS, the systems in place often rely heavily on traditional financial metrics and lack integration with broader strategic goals. Moreover, the study identifies a significant gap in using advanced performance measurement tools and techniques, such as balanced scorecards and data-driven decision-making. Organizational culture plays a crucial role in shaping the success of PMS, with organizations that foster a culture of transparency and collaboration showing more effective performance measurement practices. The study concludes by offering recommendations for improving the PMS in Kuwaiti private sector organizations, including aligning performance measures with strategic objectives, adopting advanced measurement tools, and creating a feedback loop for continuous improvement. This research provides valuable insights into the current state of PMS in the Kuwait private sector and offers a foundation for further exploration into how performance measurement can contribute to organizational success and competitiveness.

Keywords: Performance Measurement System, Organizational Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, Kuwait Private Sector.

Title: Performance Measurement System in Kuwait Private Sector

Author: Mohammad Zaid AlOtaibi

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 114-121

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 14-April-2025

Abstract: This research explores the critical role of corporate governance in mitigating the impacts of financial crises, particularly in the wake of the global financial meltdown. The study investigates the failures in governance mechanisms that contributed to the crisis, emphasizing the need for robust governance structures to enhance financial stability and prevent future economic collapses. Through an analysis of global financial practices, the research highlights the importance of transparency, accountability, and effective oversight in corporate governance frameworks. The findings suggest that financial crises are often the result of poorly implemented governance principles and that these frameworks need to be reevaluated and strengthened to meet the challenges posed by evolving economic conditions. The research further emphasizes the need for government intervention and international cooperation to enforce governance standards and avoid financial collapses. Based on these insights, several recommendations are proposed, including the enhancement of financial reporting transparency, the development of comprehensive governance solutions, and the establishment of regional professional bodies to standardize corporate governance practices. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on corporate governance and offers practical guidance for policymakers, regulators, and business leaders in creating a more resilient global financial system.

Keywords: Financial Markets, Corporate Governance, Economic Stability.

Title: The Impact of Efficient Financial Markets and Corporate Governance Practices on Economic Stability

Author: Mohammad Zaid AlOtaibi

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 104-113

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 14-April-2025

Abstract: The effective learning of children fundamentally depends on a healthy and hunger-free body. To enhance the quality of education, efficiency, and health indicators among children, Nepal introduced the Mid-Day Meal Program in 1976 AD, initially targeting 37 food-insecure and economically disadvantaged districts. Since then, the program has significantly improved school attendance and the quality of life for children from low-income, food-insecure families in community schools where it is implemented. Among various promotive factors for academic resilience, the Mid-Day Meal Program has emerged as a key contributor, particularly in government schools in rural areas. This paper employs a narrative review methodology to examine policy provisions and implementation mechanisms at the grassroots level in Nepal’s government schools, based on the Community School Mid-Day Meal Standard and Program Facilitation Book, 2019.

Additionally, it assesses how the program promotes equity for intersectional students. Limited studies have reviewed existing Mid-Day Meal guidelines, highlighting gaps and strengths in enhancing academic resilience—particularly for students from poor, marginalized, and Indigenous communities in Nepal. The findings include that the Dropout rate reduced from 10.5% (2015) to 6.2% in 2023 due to the effective implementation of Mid- the Day Meal Program in community schools including a 12% increase in girls' enrollment in community schools. However, there is a need for implementation of existing plans and policies, particularly addressing the need for budget revision, and regular monitoring of its provisions to ensure the physical and mental well-being of the students getting benefits from the midday meal programs.

Keywords: Mid-Day Meal; Government Schools; Education; Intersectional Student.

Title: Equity and Academic Resilience: A Narrative Review of Nepal’s Mid-Day Meal Program in Community Schools

Author: Shikchhya Yonzon, Shukria Rahimi, Sarmiento Acosta Carlos Roberto

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 97-103

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 11-April-2025

Abstract: The cash transfer initiative in Kiambu County has notably enhanced educational opportunities for orphans attending public secondary schools. However, the County's cash transfer schemes for underprivileged children are benefiting only a small percentage of the orphans enrolled in these institutions. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the impact of the cash transfer program in Kiambu County, Kenya, on the enrollment of orphans in public secondary schools. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the influence of effect of amount of cash distributed on education access by orphans in public secondary schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. This study employs a descriptive research approach, focusing on secondary public schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. According to the Kiambu County Children's Office (2023), a survey was conducted with 540 beneficiary households. Additionally, 10 members from the Beneficiary Welfare Committee and 5 from the Constituency Social Assistance Committee participated as respondents, selected through simple random sampling after an initial stratified sampling. The final sample included 232 individuals. Primary data was gathered using a structured questionnaire, which was pilot tested with 23 participants. Validity was ensured through content, criterion, and face validity procedures, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α). Results were presented narratively, with qualitative data analyzed thematically and quantitative data analyzed using statistical techniques such as standard deviation and mean, visually represented in tables and figures. The research revealed a significant correlation between the distribution amount of cash, payment frequency with the access to education for orphans in public secondary schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. The research concludes that an increased cash distribution amount is directly linked to orphans' capacity to cover school fees and acquire essential items, including textbooks, uniforms, and stationery. The research suggests that the County ought to seek for more donations from the international community and any other foundations that deal with funding of school programs.

Keywords: Amount of Cash Distributed, Education Access by Orphans.

Title: EFFECT OF AMOUNT OF CASH DISTRIBUTED ON EDUCATION ACCESS BY ORPHANS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Faith Karanja, Dr. Morrisson Mutuku

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 90-96

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 11-April-2025

Abstract: The integration of online collaborative tools into language education is increasingly becoming a key necessity in the way one acquires an English language skill. These tools increase engagement, interaction, and access in online learning environments, bringing down the barriers that one faces in a physical classroom environment. Using the platform provided by wikis, video conferencing, blogs, and language apps, educators and learners are engaging in several collaborative activities that really enrich the process of language acquisition.

This paper has pointed out the role of emerging technological tools in bridging the gap between teachers and students, with regard to their potential for fostering peer interaction, self-directed learning, and cultural exchange. While these tools have some advantages not found in other resources such as flexible access and possibilities of communication in real time their effective use is to be planned with care to overcome some challenges: digital inequality, technical barriers, and privacy concerns.

This paper discusses how the use of online collaboration tools provides benefits in innovative teaching strategies, improvements in students' learning achievements, and an increase in the motivation of students towards learning. It pinpoints educator training and integration of technology into pedagogical practices as conditions under which the benefits from incorporating technologies will be realized maximally. This suggests that technologies function best when complementing, not replacing, those human components of teaching and learning. With an overview of the benefits and limitations of such tools, this research enhances the wider debate on digital innovation in education through a series of strategies for the use of the tools in developing the skills of English in various learning scenarios.

Keywords: online collaborative tools, English language skill, physical classroom environment.

Title: Integrating Online Collaboration Tools to Develop the Acquisition of the English Language Skills

Author: Ms. Safia Habib Hussain Mirza, Ms. Abeer Thanyan Mohammed Al-Arada

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 78-89

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Published Date: 08-April-2025

Abstract: The standard gauge railway has provided a means of moving people and goods, although it has presented some challenges. There are challenges with ticketing, administration, and logistics of cargo clearance, as well as operational issues with the first and last kilometers of passenger movement. Secondly, corruption allegations have dogged some Kenyan government officials, which have stoked fears. The Kenya Standard Gauge Railway through Tsavo and Nairobi National Park is problematic. These challenges must be converted into opportunities for the maximization of the use of trains, even in the face of concrete progress in transport infrastructure and connectivity. Therefore, this study examined the effect of employee training on the sustainability of Kenya Standard Gauge Railway project in Kenya. This study will utilize descriptive research methods based on agency, human capital, and resource-based perspective theories. About 75 Kenyan standard gauge railway staff took part in the study. Questionnaires were issued to seven Kenyan Railways officers in a pilot study to obtain primary data. The Cronbach alpha coefficient will be utilized to assess the reliability of every questionnaire after testing for concept, criteria, and content. Mean and standard deviation were applied for the quantitative data analysis. Content analysis was applied to qualitative data. The official study employed multiple regression and correlation analysis. The employee training was found to have significant and positive contributions toward project sustainability, according to the study. The study concluded that team member training significantly contributes to the sustainability of the SGR project. A well-trained workforce is a cornerstone of project sustainability, as it guarantees operational effectiveness and congruence with the long-term objectives of the project. Policymakers should make sure that national frameworks that prioritize ongoing worker training and capacity building, especially for infrastructure projects, are developed in light of the study's findings and conclusion.

Keywords: Employee Training, Project Sustainability.

Title: EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE TRAINING ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE STANDARD GAUGE RAILWAY ROJECT IN KENYA

Author: Muteti Cosmas Makenzi, Dr. Morrisson Mutuku

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 71-77

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 07-April-2025

Abstract: Numerous challenges arose in the administration of the fund. These included various legal disputes that disrupted the fund's operations, unfinished projects falling under decentralized functions that were no longer eligible for funding under current legislation, and insufficient technical expertise for efficient management at the Constituency Committees and Project Management Committees level. Furthermore, discrepancies between initiated development projects and the capacity to implement them were observed. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the influence of project leadership on the implementation of NG-CDF projects in Igembe South Constituency, Meru County, Kenya. An explanatory research design was employed, concentrating on five NG-CDF projects implemented by the Igembe South Constituency over the past five years (2018 – 2022). The study involved 55 participants, including 10 project supervisors and 45 project team members, due to the limited overall population. Primary data was collected through surveys, which were initially piloted with eight participants from the Igembe North Constituency to assess content validity. The reliability of the questionnaires was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. Qualitative responses to open-ended questions were analyzed through thematic analysis, while quantitative data was examined using descriptive statistical methods such as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Additionally, an inferential analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results were presented through tables and figures. The findings indicate that effective project leadership is crucial for successful project implementation, with positive feedback from team members highlighting the significance of fostering committed teams and ensuring projects are completed on time. The study recommends that  for project managers and leaders to participate in ongoing training focused on cultivating vital leadership abilities to improve the execution of projects, such as strategic decision-making, conflict resolution, and team motivation.

Keywords: Project Leadership, Project implementation.

Title: INFLUENCE OF PROJECT LEADERSHIP ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NG-CDF PROJECTS WITHIN IGEMBE SOUTH CONSTITUENCY, MERU COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Kaithia Jolland Kiriinya, Dr. Morrisson Mutuku

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 64-70

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 07-April-2025